1.1 What is SQL?

1.1.1 Overview of Structured Query Language (SQL)

SQL (Structured Query Language) is a programming language specifically designed for managing and manipulating relational databases. It allows users to interact with data by querying, inserting, updating, and deleting information stored in databases.

1.1.2 The Role of SQL in Interacting with Databases

SQL serves as the bridge between users and databases. It enables:

1. Data Retrieval: Fetching specific data using commands like SELECT.
2. Data Manipulation: Adding, modifying, or removing data with INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE.
3. Database Management: Creating and managing database structures with commands like CREATE and ALTER.
4. Data Analysis: Running queries to derive insights and analyze trends.

1.1.3.Brief History and Evolution of SQL

• 1970s: SQL was first developed by IBM for their System R project.
• 1986: SQL became a standard language approved by ANSI (American National Standards Institute).
• 1989 and beyond: ISO (International Organization for Standardization) also adopted SQL, leading to its widespread usage. Over the years, it has evolved to include advanced features like analytics and procedural extensions (e.g., PL/SQL for Oracle).

1.1.4.Real-World Applications and Industries Using SQL

SQL is widely used across various industries for managing and analyzing data, including:

1. Banking: Managing transactional data securely.
2. Healthcare: Storing and retrieving patient records.
3. E-commerce: Handling product catalogs, orders, and user information.
4. Technology Companies: Analyzing user behavior and app performance.
5. Marketing: Creating and querying large datasets for campaigns.

SQL’s versatility and ability to work with relational databases make it an essential skill in today’s data-driven world.